Essay/Term paper: Martin luther

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Biography

Martin Luther


Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started the
Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period made him
one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was born in
Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry, a fact that
he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner. Luther received
a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In
1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, receiving a
bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's degree in 1505 . He then intended to
study law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian monastery
in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his father. Later in
his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by recollecting several
brushes with death that had occurred at the time, making him aware of the
fleeting character of life. In the monastery he observed the rules imposed on a
novice but did not find the peace in God he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther
made his profession as a monk in the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected
him for the priesthood. Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of
the mass with awe. After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in
order to become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed
by monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of the
Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of Wittenberg
(founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral philosophy. He received
his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and returned to Erfurt, where he
taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a visit
to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a pious visitor
and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy. Soon after resuming his
duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg and asked to study for the
degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after receiving his doctorate, he took
over the chair of biblical theology which he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime during his study of
the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he came to believe that
Christians are saved not through their own efforts but by the gift of God's
grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date and the location of this
experience have been a matter of controversy among scholars, but the event was
crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him decisively against some of the
major tenets of the Catholic church. Luther became a public and controversial
figure when he published his Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for the
corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation would
be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although it is
generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All Saints
Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which does not
occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in which his
propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and were immediately
translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of his teachings
and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V at the Diet of
Worms in April 1521, he was asked before the assembled secular and
ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He refused firmly, asserting that he would have
to be convinced by Scripture and clear reason in order to do so and that going
against conscience is not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was
spirited away by his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept
in hiding at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New
Testament from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused by
some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March 1521,
and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26) because
the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with arguments
somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings. He considered their theological
arguments false, although he supported many of their political demands. When the
peasants turned violent, he angrily denounced them and supported the princes'
effort to restore order. Although he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy
adopted by the nobles, his attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the
midst of this controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The
marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life.
After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he
published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting
briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed,
the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains
the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not
allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and
excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position
to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old
Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence
spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of
rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made
Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews to
take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question of
Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about his own responsibility for this situation,
he wrote a violent polemic against the Jews, as well as polemics against the
papacy and the radical wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of
1546, Luther was asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who
ruled the area of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there,
resolved the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben. Luther left
behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western world. His
doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final authority of the
Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared by many Protestant
denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century Reformation, he is one
of the major figures of Christianity and of Western civilization.