Essay/Term paper: Economic development in zimbabwe

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Economics

Economic Development in Zimbabwe

The country of Zimbabwe is one of the most economically developed on the African
continent . A fairly young political entity, Zimbabwe has only enjoyed
recognized autonomy since 1980, the year in which the United Kingdom repealed
its imperialistic claims to the African nation . Despite its youth the country
has achieved a level of economic development uncharacteristic of sub-Saharan
African nations. Second only to South Africa in economic development, Zimbabwe's
economic system is one indicative of a transitional country, a country making
the transition from dependency underdevelopment to self-reliant
industrialization. The purpose of this essay is to make a cursory but adequate
examination of Zimbabwean socio-economic and political system, as means to
analyzing the countries economic development. The ultimate purpose of this study
is to provide a model of the structure necessary to achieve economic development
where none previously existed. Zimbabwe is an appropriate model because the
dynamics of underdevelopment to development in this country are readily apparent.
This model can be useful in understanding underdevelopment in other so called
"third-world" countries and in determining what is necessary for these countries
to make the transition to industrialization.

Geography

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in the southern, sub-Saharan area of the
African continent bordered by South Africa to the South, Botswana to the West,
Mozambique to the East and Zambia to the North. With an area of 391,090 km2
Zimbabwe is only slightly larger than the state of Colorado. Harare is
Zimbabwe's capital and largest city with a population of 1,100,000. Containing
vast amounts of rare mineralogical resources and possessing a favorable growing
climate Zimbabwe's economy is drawn almost equally between the mining of
minerals ($2.2 billion) and the production of staples and cash crops ($2.1
billion) .

People

Zimbabweans are comprised of two primary ethnic groups, the Shona, comprising
74% of the population and the Ndebele comprising 20%. Other ethnic black groups
and Asians make up 4% of the population while whites make up just over 1% of the
population. Zimbabwe has a population of 10.35 million people with a population
density of 24 persons per km2. 1992 census figures estimate Zimbabwe's growth at
3.0% with 90% of this growth rate within the Shona group. This 3.0% growth is
quite rapid given its relation to the countries declining annual growth rate of
-15% .

History

Zimbabwe's history dates back to the 9th century A.D., the believed period in
which many great buildings were built, buildings clearly indicative of an early
and great civilization. Of the many sites the most impressive is the Great Stone
House or Great Zimbabwe the source of the countries name. Despite the impressive
nature of the Great Zimbabwe and the other building sites, it is believed that
the civilization that created them did not survive to see the new millennium .

Some 900 years after the construction of the Great Zimbabwe many other sights
were built as Zimbabwe became the object of British colonialism in 1888. It was
in this year that John Cecil Rhodes obtained mineral rights for the British
throne and began the process of bringing Zimbabwe home to Great Britain. Pleased
with his accomplishment the throne honored Rhodes by lending his name to the
area, now calling it Rhodesia. Headed by Rhodes the British South Africa Company
(BSA) was chartered in 1889 with the responsibility of colonizing the areas of
Northern and Southern Rhodesia and bringing back to the Kingdom the vast
mineralogical resources Rhodesia had to offer .

Although a colony, throughout the existence of its charter Rhodesia enjoyed
self-governing and perceived autonomy. The United Kingdom reserved the right to
intervene in the policies of Rhodesia at any prompting, but this right was
rarely employed leaving Rhodesia's autonomy all but assumed. The perceived
autonomy the nation enjoyed allowed for the emergence of factions interested in
developing Rhodesia's mineralogical and agricultural potential for the purpose
of stimulating domestic growth only. Although growth would benefit the country
as a whole, it would benefit whites specifically by design. An apartheid-type
land apportionment act passed in 1934 allotted key resource rich areas to whites
only. The perceived autonomy and racists nature of Rhodesia would have great
implications late in the countries political future.

Politics

By 1960 Rhodesia was a country of two factions: the ruling white minority who
wanted complete independence from the United Kingdom and the indigenous African
majority who wanted greater control of their country and an end to institutional
racism. On November 11, 1965 in a step to hasten along political change white
progressives announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) thereby
declaring their independence from Great Britain . The British government was not
hostile to the UDI but did insist that the Rhodesian government demonstrate its
intention to move toward free and democratic majority rule. Considering the
majority of Rhodesia was African the ruling whites were diametrically opposed to
any such form of majority rule government and refused to meet Great Britain's
conditions of independence.

On December 16, 1966 Rhodesia made history by being the first country subject to
United Nations economic sanctions, suffering a complete embargo on key exports
and imports . With a dilapidating economy and African discontent with the white
ruling minority Rhodesia fell into a period of economic and political turmoil
breeding uncertainty and general political instability.

In 1974 Rhodesia's two primary black nationalists parties combined to form a
front against Rhodesia's governing policy. Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African
National Union (ZANU) and Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
united together to form a "Patriotic Front" against the segregationist regime of
Prime Minister Ian Smith . In 1976, under great political, economic, and social
pressure Smith ceded to foreign and domestic demands and agreed to majority rule
in principle. Through diplomatic channels and under British auspices Rhodesia
made the transition to majority rule and on December 21, 1979 political reforms
were unofficially agreed upon. As a condition of this agreement Rhodesia was
granted independence from the Commonwealth, and all U.N. sanctions were lifted
with a decree that Rhodesia was to be internationally recognized as a political
state .

In late February, 1980 free democratic election were held in Rhodesia for the
first time with Mugabe's ZANU(PF) achieving an absolute majority. Upon the
victory of his party Mugabe was asked to form the first government of the
country of Zimbabwe. On April 18, 1980 the British Government formally granted
independence to the former Rhodesia and four months later Zimbabwe was
indoctrinated as a member of the United Nations .

Zimbabwe's political system exists to this day as democratic and majoritarian
all implemented through a parliamentary system. Robert Mugabe remains as
President and utilizes a foreign policy of non-alignment. Despite this Zimbabwe
is a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and performs primary
trade with its neighboring African state South Africa. It is the period from
1980 to the present that is most fundamental in understanding Zimbabwe's
economic system because it is in this period that Zimbabwe's economic structure
best reveals itself.

Economics

Zimbabwe's economic structure is one of great potential. In the years prior to
its independence Zimbabwe put great emphasis in developing its mining industry
and as a result it is one of the most developed in Africa. The mining of such
minerals as copper, nickel, gold, and metallurgical-grade ferrochromite is
responsible for nearly half the countries $4.9 billion Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) . The other half of Zimbabwe's GDP is generated primarily in the
agricultural sector with the majority of this produced at subsistence levels by
most of the population.

Zimbabwe clearly has the potential to generate agriculture beyond the
subsistence level and thereby eliminate any degree of shortage. In any event
subsistence would be sufficient to eliminate shortage if not for recent
devastating droughts.

Zimbabwe's mineral export industry is key to the nations developmental success.
Although small, the countries mining industry is modernized and strategically
developed toward exports. Many paved roads link mines and other industries
together that complement mining such as heavy machinery. Also, the areas within
the vicinity of the mines are highly developed and urbanized to ensure an
adequate and able workforce. Finally, Zimbabwe participates in non-aligned trade
for non-strategic products such as textiles. This greatly reduces the countries
chance of becoming dependent on a trade partner.

Conclusion

In many ways Zimbabwe is a model for third-world economic development. Although
not yet fully developed Zimbabwe clearly has the potential to be a full fledged
developed nation. Beyond its vast resources Zimbabwe is structured in a way to
promote development. This fact in and of itself distinguishes Zimbabwe from most
other Lesser Developed Countries (LDC). Zimbabwe's economic structure is one in
which they are essentially self-sufficient and trade only for profit or for
consumer goods. Also they perform trade with many partners with no single
partner comprising garnering more than 15% of import or export goods. By
structuring the Zimbabwe's economic system in a way that keeps its partners
diversified and its imports non-strategic, Mugabe has successfully led his
nation to the path of development. The barriers left to full development are
quite minimal compared to the ones already dominated, The structure of
Zimbabwe's economic system is truly a model of economic development.