Essay/Term paper: Pakistan

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Geography

Steve Olker
Core 132
Pakistan

Pakistan is a country that, since its creation, has been rooted in turmoil. The recent years are no exception to this. Since 1988, power has been divided among the president, the prime minister and the military. Tensions between the three, however, have led to eight changes of government and three elections. No elected leader has ever completed a full term in office. Benazir Bhutto, who was dismissed by the president in August 1990 after only twenty-one months in office, is the only Pakistani leader to be given a second chance at ruling (Newberg 19). On October 6, 1993 a general election was held in Pakistan. The Pakistan People"s Party (or PPP) received a majority of the vote and as a result Benazir Bhutto once again became prime minister. This time however, she has a pliant president in the form of an old friend. On November 13, 1993, Farooq Leghari was elected the country president. Yet even with this unique opportunity for agreement within the ruling circle reforms have not taken place (The Europa World Year Book 2460).
Despite the PPP"s success in the 1993 election they still faced uncertainty. They lack not only a parliamentary majority but unity within their own ranks. One of the biggest problems was a bitter family feud between Benazir Bhutto and her mother, Begum and brother, Murtaza. Murtaza had returned from exile to claim a seat in the Sind provincial assembly, but was immediately arrested for alleged terrorist activity. In late December 1993, Benazir removed her mother as PPP co-chair after she had endorsed Murtaza"s claim that he was the rightful heir to his father"s political legacy. However, in September 1994, the family feud seemed to end during a visit of the prime minister to her mother (Banks 717).
In Pakistan the end of the cold war had not brought on new, pragmatic thinking on foreign policy that could make Pakistan less reliant on Western support and allow it to develop closer ties with its neighbors. After the cold war, many third world countries were abandoned by their protectorates- the U.S. or the former soviet Union. However Pakistan"s elite has yet to fend for itself (Rashad 158). Pakistan"s relations with India worsened. Since the creation of Pakistan, relations with India have dominated foreign affairs. These relations reflect a centuries old rivalry between Hindus and Muslims. The reason for the tensions today is allegations that each side was on the verge of conducting nuclear tests (Year Book 2462).
Much of Pakistan"s problems stem from a legacy of rule by a small group of around 300 families. Through blood ties, marriage, and business, they have dominated the military, the bureaucracy, and the political elite. Since 1988, when the new era of democratic civilian rule began, patronage rather than policies has dictated economic development, politics, and even foreign policy. (Rashad 159)
Many political analysts and even some politicians now view the feudal political elite as a dying class. Economists report that Pakistan can no longer raise the necessary revenues to maintain a country in which eighty-one percent of the budget goes to defense and the repayments of foreign debts. (Banks 718) Since 1993 the country has undergone the deepest economic recession in its history, with high unemployment and inflation. The economy grew only four point seven percent between 1994 and 1995, compares to a 30 year average of six percent. The Karachi stock exchange has lost more than fifty percent of its value in the last eighteen months, and industrial production in Karachi (which accounts for sixty percent of the country"s total) has fallen an estimated twenty-five percent. Foreign exchange reserves in December fell to one point one billion, less than half of what they were in June 1995. (Hunter 1004).
Plans to privatize many state-owned businesses have been stopped due to the anarchy plaguing the country and to the political fighting between Bhutto and former prime minister Sharif. Also, the feudal elite has been reluctant to introduce much needed reforms, such as taxing itself and agriculture. Only one percent of the total population pays income tax, and over three billion dollars borrowed by the feudal elite from the state-run banking system has never been repaid. (Rashad 160)
Bhutto"s promises to reform the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and the police have not materialized. Instead, she has made these institutions more political by making appointments based on loyalty and favoritism. For a price, many police officer and bureaucrats can get postings, transfers, and promotions they want. Corruption is so prominent in Pakistan that it was recently listed by Transparency International, an international watch group, as the third most corrupt nation in the world after China and Taiwan. (Year Book 2464) However, not everyone can seek favors and some receive worse. Political opponents of Bhutto will often be jail or exiled. In March of 1996, forty army officers and civilians were arrested for "supposedly" trying to over throw the government. After time had gone by, only four officers were left for trial. Many in Pakistan doubt that even the government had a right to hold these few. (Banks A5)
However, the corruption is only seen by those who live in Pakistan. When Mrs. Bhutto is speaking to other countries, such as the United States, she seems to have goals. She speaks of over coming poverty, equality for women, and free expression. Yet this is far from the truth. At home, she retains the laws that use Islam to repress women and arrests opponents. It is the corruption of her government that most think will thwart her dreams. (Newberg 18)
Western Diplomats admit that Pakistan is high in the list of those countries where an Islamic movement is possible in the near future unless the country"s ruling class mends its ways. Pakistan"s Islamic Movement is being driven by poor social conditions and a breakdown of law and order rather than by ideology. The growing gap between rich and poor, the economic crisis, massive corruption, and widespread disillusionment with the major political parties are the main problems with Pakistan today. (Rashad 161)
Pakistan"s survival into the future and into the next century depends on a greater distribution of political and economic power from the center to the provinces and cities. At the same time the feudal elite must be forced to provide room to professionals from urban middle calls and allow a wider representation in the National Assembly from the population. (Rashdad 164) It is also this feuding political class, which has been described as "a culture of corruption and injustice," that will be the downfall of Pakistan due to its obsession with political vendettas and self-enrichment (Burns A7).
Works Cited

Banks, Arthur, Alan Day, Theral Muller, eds. Political Handbook of the World 1995- 1996. New York: CSA Publications, 1996.
Burns, John F. "In Pakistan, Coup Trials Mostly Yield Skepticism." New York Times 2 April 1996: A5.
- - - - . "Hospital Blast In Pakistan; Political Feud is Heating Up" New York Times 15 April 1996: A7.
The Europa World Year Book 1996. Vol. II. London: Europa Publications Limited, 1996.
Hunter, Brian, ed. The Statesman"s Year-Book 1996-1997. New York: St. Martin"s Press, 1996.
Newberg, Paula R. "The Two Benazir Bhuttos." New York Times 11 Febuary 1995: 19.
Rashid, Ahmed. "Pakistan: Trouble Ahead, Trouble Behind." Current History v 95 (April 1996) : 158-164.


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