Essay/Term paper: The safety of blood

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Medicine

The Safety of Blood


A five-year old girl is riding down the street, on her way to her best
friend's house. She doesn't have a care in the world and is quietly humming to
herself. Suddenly a car whips around the corner and swerves to avoid the child,
but he looses control and squarely hits the girl, causing the her to fall and
get trapped between the car and her battered bicycle. A main artery in her leg
has been severed and blood fills the gutter of the street. As she gets rushed
to the hospital in the ambulance, a pint of blood is given to her to attempt to
replace some of the life giving fluid that is pouring out of her leg. In the
end she received four pints of blood and made a full recovery.
Although everything turned out all right for the girl, things could have
been much different. What if that blood hadn't been there because the nation's
blood supply was low? What if the blood that she received had been infected
with a deadly disease such as Syphilis or HIV? These are pressing concerns for
today's society. Even though one in every five people will need a blood
transfusion and the risk of contracting a disease such as AIDS is practically
negligible, people are still concerned that the blood that they receive may have
harmful or deadly diseases and that today's blood supply is not "safe."
However, "safe" means different things for different people. For some,
safe is an absolute security from any danger. This is an extreme viewpoint,
though, because most people realize that one can never be completely safe.
Another, and more popularly held connotation of "safe," is the probability of
not getting hurt. This is a much more reasonable and plausible definition and
therefor will be used throughout this paper. However, even though the
overwhelming probability is that nothing will go wrong, people still fear that
the nation's blood supply is unsafe. They are incorrect in this belief, though,
because much is done to assure that the nation's blood supply is, in fact, safe.
One requirement to having a safe blood supply is to have an extensive
reserve, because this allows for the option of discarding any blood that is
potentially unsafe. The assurance of an ample blood supply begins with the
donation process. Most of the people in this country have the capability to
donate blood. However, only 4 percent of the eligible population actually
donates.1 There are few restrictions and the reason why there are blood
shortages is because people don't want to donate as opposed to can't donate.
For most blood centers, the physical criteria that a donor must meet are as
follows: person must be at least 17 years of age, weigh 110 pounds, and be in
good physical health. However, if so many people can donate blood why do so few
choose to?
Most people are afraid of giving blood. There are many misconceptions
about the process of donating blood and receiving transfusions. For example,
people believe that there is a danger of contracting diseases, especially AIDS,
from the needles used during the process. However, these chances are zero, and
a person has less of a chance of contracting a disease while giving blood than
he has in any other ordinary situation
Actually, people have little to fear about giving blood. Many
precautions are taken to assure that the process is safe for the donor, and the
blood that is received is safe for the recipient. Before the donor even gets
close to the bed or the needle, he first must complete a thorough survey asking
about his past and potentially risky behavior. The survey asks about recent
sexual encounters, focusing on homosexual situations. It also asks about drug
use, body piercing, and prostitution, which are all considered to be "at risk
behaviors." If the donor has participated in such behavior he will not be
allowed to donate until a time when it is safer for everyone involved. If the
donor passes the screening, his blood is collected in a new, plastic bag with a
brand new needle. The needle and everything used during the process, from the
finger lancet to the cotton swabs, are disposed of instead of being reused,
which eliminates the possibility of something not being properly sterilized.
Also, if by chance, the nurse misses the vein and must reinsert a needle, he
will start over with a new needle, to assure sterility. After the blood is
drawn, it is sent to certain laboratories, where it is tested for diseases such
as HIV. If there is a problem, the donor will even be notified to assure that
he or she doesn't put anyone else at risk. At any point in this process, blood
that does not reach the proper standards will be removed from the supply,
assuring safety. In fact, two to ten percent of the units of blood that are
received end up being removed because of uncertainty. 2
Another reason why people may be hesitant to donate is because they
don't know the benefits of giving blood. First, because of the screening
process, the donor receives a sort of mini-physical every eight weeks. This
lets a person keep a check on his or her blood pressure, pulse, temperature,
weight, and iron reading. It is a good way to assure that one is remaining
healthy. Also, not only does the blood that is given help someone in desperate
need of it, the donor feels good about himself, too. The donor can walk out of
the center with a firm sense that he has helped someone in need.
After the blood is drawn, many tests are performed on it, providing
another way to insure that the blood supply is safe. Testing is done for
Syphilis, Hepititis B and C, abnormal liver function, and Human T-Lymphotrophic
Virus type I and type II. All of these diseases are blood-born and have the
potential of being extremely harmful if not fatal. However, the main fear that
people have regarding a blood transfusion is that they may contract AIDS. This
is a result of a lack of understanding about what AIDS is or how it is tested.
AIDS, an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a blood-born
disease that attacks one's immune system, leaving him susceptible to lesser
diseases that may not be a threat to a person with a healthy immune system. It
is caused by a virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and over a few
years develops into AIDS. The only ways to contract HIV are through bodily
fluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk. It is because blood is one
of the means of contracting the disease, many people are afraid of donating and
receiving blood. However, HIV is also one of the diseases thoroughly tested for
in the testing process. Two HIV related tests are performed, one for the HIV
antigen and the other for the HIV antibody. The purpose of testing twice is to
assure that the presence of the disease is noticed. If a person tests positive
for either the HIV antigen or antibody, he is permanently deferred, meaning that
he will never be allowed to donate.1
The main reason why people are concerned about the safety of the blood
supply is because they are afraid of contracting a disease in the event that
they need to receive blood. However, precautions are also made to insure the
safety of blood transfusions. For example, all of the blood used for
transfusions either comes from the blood center or is drawn by the same methods.
This insures that the level of sterility and testing for harmful diseases is as
high as it is for donation. In the hospital, sterile one-use needles are also
used as they are in the blood center. Also, careful screening is done to make
sure that the blood types match and that the donor blood is compatible with the
a patient's blood, preventing diseases such as jaundice. In both the blood
center where the donations take place and the hospital where the transfusions
occur, the staff is highly trained and knowledgeable. Each nurse or assistant
must have basic medical training to get the job, and although human error exists,
it is minimal.
Due to the many safeguards and precautions taken, the blood supply in
America is safe. The risk of contracting a disease from the donation process is
quite minimal and there are more reasons to give blood than not to give blood.
It is my opinion that if a person can give blood, they should. Donating blood
is noble, safe, and painless, and when blood is given, the donor gets a
wonderful feeling of doing good for someone and can be confident that he or she
may have saved a life. So when that little girl arrives at the hospital,
unconscious and bleeding, she can be sure that the blood she receives will be
safe.

Works Cited

1 The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, "Testing Performed on All Blood
Donations" 5/96

2 The American Association of Blood Banks, " Recieving Blood" 1995