Essay/Term paper: Capital punishment 1

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Politics

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT



 



Capital Punishment deters murder, and is just Retribution Capital



punishment, is the execution of criminals by the state, for committing



crimes, regarded so heinous, that this is the only acceptable punishment.



Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but it's value as



retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences.



Support for the death penalty in the U.S. has risen to an average of 80%



according to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled "Death penalty



debate centres on Retribution", this figure is slightly lower in Canada



where support for the death penalty is at 72% of the population over 18



years of age, as stated in article by Kirk Makir, in the March 26, 1987



edition of the Globe and Mail, titled "B.C. MPs split on Death Penalty".



 



The death penalty deters murder by putting the fear of death into



would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she



thinks that harm will come to him. Another way the death penalty deters



murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill



again.



 



Most supporters of the death penalty feel that offenders should be



punished for their crimes, and that it does not matter whether it will



deter the crime rate. Supporters of the death penalty are in favour of



making examples out of offenders, and that the threat of death will be



enough to deter the crime rate, but the crime rate is irrelevant.



 



According to Isaac Ehrlich's study, published on April 16, 1976,



eight murders are deterred for each execution that is carried out in the



U.S.A. He goes on to say, "If one execution of a guilty capital murderer



deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is justified." To



most supporters of the death penalty, like Ehrlich, if even 1 life is



saved, for countless executions of the guilty, it is a good reason for the



death penalty. The theory that society engages in murder when executing



the guilty, is considered invalid by most supporters, including Ehrlich.



He feels that execution of convicted offenders expresses the great value



society places on innocent life.



 



Isaac Ehrlich goes on to state that racism is also a point used by



death penalty advocates. We will use the U.S. as examples, since we can



not look at the inmates on death row in Canada, because their are laws in



Canada that state that crime statistics can not be based on race, also the



fact that there are no inmates on death row in Canada. In the U.S. 16 out



of 1000 whites arrested for murder are sentenced to death, while 12 of 1000



blacks arrested for murder were sentenced to death. 1.1% of black inmates



on death row were executed, while 1.7% of white inmates will die.



 



Another cry for racism, as according to Ehrlich, that is raised by



advocates of the death penalty is based on the colour of the victim, for



example "if the victim is white, it is more likely that the offender will



get the death penalty than if the victim had been black". This is true, if



you look at the actual number of people who are murder. More people kill



whites and get the death penalty, then people who kill blacks and get the



death penalty. The reason for this is that more whites are killed, and the



murders captured. Now if we look at the number of blacks killed it is a



lot less, but you have to look at these numbers proportionately. Percent



wise it is almost the same number for any race, so this is not the issue.



 



In a 1986 study done by Professor Stephen K. Layson of the



University of North Carolina, the conclusions made by Ehrilich were



updated, and showed to be a little on the low side as far as the deterrence



factor of capital punishment. Professor Layson found that 18 murders were



deterred by each execution is the U.S. He also found that executions



increases in probability of arrest, conviction, and other executions of



heinous offenders.



 



According to a statement issued by George C. Smith, Director of



Litigation, Washington Legal Foundation, titled "In Support of the Death



Penalty", support for the death penalty has grown in the U.S., as the crime



rate increased. In 1966, 42% of Americans were in favour of capital



punishment while 47% were opposed to it. Since the crime rate United



states has increased, support for the capital punishment has followed suit.



In 1986, support for capital punishment was 80% for and only 17% against



with 3% undecided, but most of the undecided votes said they were leaning



toward a pro capital punishment stance, if they had to vote on it



immediately.



 



Let us now focus on Canada. The last two people to be executed, in



Canada were Arthur Lucas and Ron Turpin. They were executed on December



11, 1962. The executions in Canada were carried out by hanging. 1



 



The death penalty was abolished in Canada in the latter part of



1976, after a debate that lasted 98 hours. The death penalty was only



beaten by 6 votes. If we look back to 1976, the year the death penalty was



abolished in Canada, threats of death, were being made to Members of



Parliament and their immediate families from pro death penalty advocates.



Most members of parliament, voted on their own personal feelings, as



opposed to the views of their voters.2



 



The same was the case in British Colombia, where accepting of the



death penalty, if it was reinstated 1987 , by the federal government was



discussed. The M.P.s were split, 17 out of 29 were for the death penalty.



This showed, that even the majority of the M.P.s were in favour of the



death penalty in B.C. Support for the death penalty in British Columbia at



the time was almost 70%, but the M.P.s felt that it was up to them to vote



how they felt was right, and not to vote on which vote would give them the



best chance for a second term.3



 



In 1987, the Progressive Conservative government wanted to hold a



free vote on the reinstatement of Capital punishment, but Justice minister



Ray Hnatyshyn, who was opposed to it, pressured the M.P.s, into voted



against the bill. Ray Hnatyshyn, was the deciding factor, if not for him,



it was widely believed that the reinstatement of capital punishment would



have gone through, and the death penalty would be a reality today.4



 



Capital punishment is such a volatile issue, and both sides are so



deeply rooted in their views that they are willing to do almost anything to



sway all of the people they can to their side.



 



We personally feel, and our views are backed up by proof, in the



form of studies by the likes of Isaac Ehrlich's 1975 and Prof. Stephen K.



Layson's, that was published in 1986, and polls that have been taken both



in Canada and the United States over the past few years. All of these



studies and surveys show that capital punishment is a valid deterrent to



crime, and obviously the public, and society as a whole are in favour of



it. The death penalty makes would be capital offenders think about weather



committing a crime is really worth their lives. Even if capital punishment



did not deter crime, the simple fact that it will allow society to "get



even" with murders. Capital punishment also insures peace of mind because



it insures that murders will never kill again.



 



1 From: Take Notice, (Copp Clarke Pitman Ltd., 1979) page 163



 



2 From: Article written by David Vienneau published in the March 24, 1987



edition of the "Toronto Star", titled, Debate Agonizing for MPs.



 



3 From: Article written by Kirk Makir, published in March 26, 1987 edition



of the "Globe and Mail", titled, BC MPs Split on Death Penalty Debate.



 



4 From: Article written by Hugh Winsor, published in April 29, 1987



edition of the "Globe and Mail", titled, Debate on Death Penalty placed on



hold.