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Essay, term paper, research paper:  Psychology

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Alzheimer"s Disease

Katrina Lindsey

Florida Atlantic University












Advanced CPR

John Picarello

March 18, 2000






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Alzheimer"s disease is a complex illness that affects the brain tissue directly and undergoes gradual memory and behavioral changes which makes it difficult to diagnose. It is known to be the most common form of dementia and is irreversible. Over four million older Americans have Alzheimer"s, and that number is expected to triple in the next twenty years as more people live into their eighties and nineties. (Johnson, 1989). There is still no cure for Alzheimer"s but throughout the past few years a lot of progress has been made.
Doctors need a sure way to diagnose the disease before treatment or studies can be done. The diagnosis is an autopsy of brain tissue examined under a microscope. In addition, medical history, a physical exam, and mental status tests are used for diagnosis (Posen, 1995). Often, tests are done to rule out other potential causes of the dementia. This allows the identification of other causes of thinking and behavioral changes to be made before concluding that the patient has Alzheimer"s or another form of dementia. The tests that are requested to be done include CT and MRI scans to rule out strokes or brain tumors which could account for change in memory and behavior; thyroid and psychological tests which can also detect thinking and behavior problems (Posen, 1995).
Alzheimer"s is a result from a combination of factors that cause progressive brain deterioration that affects the memory and behavior of an individual. There are two known risk factors. The first risk factor is age. Alzheimer"s usually affects people older than 60, and rarely affects those younger than 40. The average age
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of diagnosis is about 80 years old (Johnson, 1989). The incidence is about the same for all races, but women are more likely than men to develop the disease, because they live longer. The second factor is heredity. Family history plays a role in about forty percent of people with early onset of Alzheimer"s (Johnson, 1989). If your parents or a sibling developed the disease, you are more likely to, as well. But there are cases of families with several people who have had this disease and other members are not affected. These two factors are the only proven factors, but environmental research is being done to help with a possible protective effect for the disease. As of now, more research is needed to confirm any benefit.
The causes of Alzheimer"s follows the same pattern as most other dementias. Neurons degenerate and lose their ability to communicate and die. Due to the inability of the brain to replace nerve cells, some brain function is lost. The key question in Alzheimer"s disease is, what causes the neuron degeneration (Johnson, 1989)? The focus for finding the cause is on abnormal structures found in the brain of people with Alzheimer"s. Unfortunately, the abnormal structures the brain undergoes still has researchers uncertain as to how they are involved in Alzheimer"s and exactly how the disease occurs.
Therefore, not knowing the exact causes of the disease, the signs and symptoms will help with the diagnosis. The first sign may be mild forgetfulness that progresses to affect language, reasoning, understanding, reading and
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writing. There has been known cases of people with Alzheimer"s who become anxious, aggressive and wander away from home (Wallace, 1998). These individuals have a severe case of the disease and must be taken care of on a daily basis. Alzheimer"s progresses and affects individuals differently. Many signs are shown in the individual with the disease, which allows you to classify which stage the individual is in. Some of the signs to look for are, difficulty learning and retaining new information, reasoning and abstract thought, judgment and planning, poor language skills, inhibition and impulse control and short term memory loss (Wallace, 1998). If any or all of these signs occur, the individual most likely has Alzheimer"s.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for Alzheimer"s but there are treatments for the disease to help with reducing or retarding the mental and behavioral processes. The first treatment is a drug called Tacrine, which slows the loss of mental abilities in about 30 percent of people with a mild or moderate case of Alzheimer"s disease (Posen, 1989). Another drug is Aricept, which increases the availability of acetycholine to decrease the symptoms of the disease. However, neither one of these drugs can stop or reverse the disease. It remains unclear how long patients should take them or even how long the drug will be effective in the individual.
To decrease the risks of getting Alzheimer"s there are certain prevention task that can be done. First of all, consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
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drugs(NSAIDS) reduces the risk of Alzheimer"s by 30-60 percent (Johnson, 1989). Inflammation of the brain is one stage that causes the development of Alzheimer"s and taking NSAIDS may prevent this. Vitamin E and selegiline may also help in prevention. These substances prevent nerve cell damages and slow the rate of decline in those with moderate Alzheimer"s. Another factor related to women is estrogen. Recent studies show that estrogen replacement after menopause reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer"s by 30-40 percent (Johnson, 1989). The final task is mental fitness. Leading an intellectual life can keep the mind fit and decrease the risks due to the increase in synapses when learning, which can delay the onset of Alzheimer"s.
In conclusion, Alzheimer"s is a mental disease that cannot be cured. Fortunately, treatments and drugs are available to help slow the rate of progression of the disease. In addition, the risk factors and preventive measures are quite clear. These can help those who are unaware of what Alzheimer"s disease is or how it progresses. Future studies may prove to be beneficial in preventing the occurrence of Alzheimer"s, or at least the severity of its" progression. Informing people of this disease, the risk factors, and preventive measures at a younger age, can only prove beneficial in the decrease or possible elimination of this physically and mentally altering disease. Living a healthy life now can only increase your chances of having a healthier life in old age.

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Remember: A rolling stone gathers no moss, So exercise your brain now to reduce future loss.















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References
Johnson, Barbara S. (1989). Psychiatric mental health. (2nd ed.). New York. J.B. Lippincott Company.

Posen, P.B (1995, Apr.). Alzheimer"s disease. [ www.document]. (Visited March 12, 2000). URL:Http://www.mayo.edu/research/alzheimers.center.


Wallace, Robert. (1998, March). Alzheimer"s disease. [www.document]. (Visited March 12, 2000). URL: Http://www.alzheimers.org/pubs/adfact.htm).